Turkey’s largest refiners are increasing purchases of crude from non-Russian suppliers such as Iraq and Kazakhstan ahead of December arrivals, following fresh Western sanctions on Russia. The shift is expected to reduce Russian crude intake by as much as 129,000 barrels per day. Industry sources say the move signals broader rerouting of energy flows and may influence global crude grades and shipping patterns. Analysts note implications for cost, quality and logistics as refiners adjust sourcing strategy in a rapidly evolving sanctions regime.